Flock blog
Reading regulatory filings, sourced and dated.
Plain-English guides to the public filings Flock tracks: 13F reports, NSE and BSE shareholding patterns, bulk and block deals, and FII/DII flows. Every claim links to its source. Research, not advice.
What Is the FPI 10 Percent Limit in a Listed Company?
The FPI 10 percent limit caps one foreign portfolio investor, with its investor group, below 10 percent of a company's equity. Who is clubbed, and who is not.
What Is a Mutual Fund Scheme Merger? SEBI's Rules (2026)
A mutual fund scheme merger folds one scheme into another. SEBI treats it as a change in fundamental attributes, with an exit option and a report to SEBI.
Tracking Error vs Tracking Difference: SEBI's Definitions
Tracking error vs tracking difference for Indian index funds and ETFs: SEBI's definitions, the 2 percent and 1.25 percent limits, and where each is disclosed.
Mediation and Conciliation Panel: Section 442
The Mediation and Conciliation Panel under section 442: who maintains it, who can refer a matter to it, the three month clock, and how a party files objections.
Section 145 Auditor Signing of Audit Reports
Section 145 auditor signing: who may sign the auditor's report, why the signature runs through section 141(2), and what must be read out at the general meeting.
Auditor at a General Meeting: Section 146
What an auditor must do at a general meeting under section 146: the notice right, the attendance duty, who may attend instead, and the right to be heard.
Non-Cash Transaction With a Director: Section 192
A non-cash transaction with a director under section 192: the prior member approval, the registered valuer figure in the notice, and the voidable consequence.
Auditor Remuneration Section 142: Who Fixes It
Auditor remuneration section 142: the general meeting fixes it, the Board may fix the first auditor's, and what the figure includes and deliberately leaves out.
Section 147 Auditor Punishment: The Two Limbs
Section 147 auditor punishment: the company limb over sections 139 to 146, the narrower auditor limb, the refund and damages rule, and the audit firm proviso.
Chairman of a General Meeting: Section 104
Who becomes chairman of a general meeting under section 104: the articles come first, the members elect on a show of hands, and a poll can replace the chairman.
Section 99 Punishment for Meeting Default
Section 99 punishment for meeting default: the one lakh rupee fine, the five thousand rupee daily continuing fine, and the four defaults that trigger both.
Are Shares Movable Property? Section 44
Shares are movable property under section 44, transferable in the manner the articles provide, and section 58(2) overrides that for a public company.
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